Split-key key-agreement protocol

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a method for generating a shared secret value between entities in a data communication system, one or more of the entities having a plurality of members for participation in the communication system, each member having a long term private key and a corresponding long term public key. The method comprises the steps of generating a short term private and a corresponding short term public key for each of the members; exchanging short term public keys of the members within an entity. For each member then computing an intra-entity shared key by mathematically combining the short term public keys of each the members computing an intra-entity public key by mathematically combining its short-term private key, the long term private key and the intra-entity shared key. Next, each entity combines intra-entity public keys to derive a group short-term S i  public key; each entity transmitting its intra-entity shared key and its group short term public key to the other entities; and each entity computing a common shared key K by combining its group short term public key (S i ), with the intra-entity shared key (  X   i ), and a group short term public (  S   i ) key received from the other entities.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/855,608 filed on Sep. 14, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/155,899 filed on Jun. 20, 2005, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,272,226, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/619,633 filed on Jul. 19, 2000, which claims priority from Canadian Patent Application No. 2,277,633 filed on Jul. 19, 1999 the contents of all of the above-noted applications being incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of key agreement protocols in cryptographic systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Traditionally, entities communicated on paper and were able to ensure privacy in many ways. The transition from paper to electronic media however, has created the need for electronic privacy and authenticity. In cryptographic schemes, the entities use primitives, which are mathematical operations together with encoding and formatting techniques to provide security. For each scheme the parties participating in the scheme normally agree upon or exchange certain information before executing the scheme function. The specific information that needs to be agreed upon is detailed for each scheme. Such agreement may be achieved by any means suitable for the application. It may be implicitly built into the system or explicitly achieved by some sort of exchange of information with or without involvement from other parties. In particular, parties often need to agree on parameters and obtain each other's public keys. For proper security, a party needs to be assured of the true owners of the keys and parameters and of their validity. Generation of parameters and keys needs to be performed properly and, in some cases, verification needs to be performed.

In general, the different types of schemes may be defined as follows. Key agreement schemes, in which two parties use their public, private key pairs and possibly other information, to agree on a shared secret key. A signature scheme with appendix is a scheme in which one party signs a message using its private key and any other party can verify the signature by examining the message, the signature, and the signer's cross corresponding public key. In signature schemes with message recovery, one party signs a message using its private key and any other party can verify the signature and recover the message by examining the signature and the signer's corresponding public key. Finally, in encryption schemes, any party can encrypt a message using the recipient's public key and only the recipient can decrypt the message using its corresponding private key.

An example of a key derivation scheme is the MQV (Menezes-Qu-Vanstone). In the MQV scheme, a shared secret value is derived from one party's two key pairs and another party's two public keys where all the keys have the same discrete log(DL) parameters. In this generalized MQV scheme, it is assumed that the shared secret value is that which is shared between two parties.

However, where each party or entity consists of a collection of parties say A={A₁, A₂ . . . A_(n)} and B={B₁, B₂, . . . B_(m)} where m is not necessarily equal to n and at least one of m or n is at least two (that is, not both A and B consist of one individual), it is difficult to implement the generalized MQV scheme if these two entities wish to establish a common key in order to communicate privately.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, there is provided a system for generating a shared secret value between entities (A, B) in a data communication system, the system comprising at least one of the entities having a plurality of members (A_(i)B_(i)), each member having a long term private key and a corresponding long term public key, the system being configured for: (a) generating an entity long term public key for each entity by combining the long term public keys of each members of the entity; (b) generating a short term private and a corresponding short term public key for each of the members; (c) making the short term public keys available to members within an entity; (d) each member: i) computing an intra-entity shared key by mathematically combining the short term public keys of each the member; ii) computing an intra-entity public key by mathematically combining its short-term private key, the long term private key and the intra-entity shared key; (e) for each entity combining intra-entity public keys to derive a group short-term public key; (f) each entity making its intra-entity shared key and its entity long term public key available to the other entities; and (g) each entity computing a common shared key K by combining its group short term public key, with the intra-entity shared key, and an entity long term public key received from the other entity.

In another aspect there is provided a processor for performing cryptographic operations that is configured to operate similar to that of the system described above.

In yet another aspect, there is provided a first entity in a data communication system having a plurality of members for participation in the data communication system, each the plurality of members having a long term private key and a corresponding long term public key, the first entity being configured for generating a group short term public key for use in establishing a shared secret value with a second entity in the data communication system by: a) generating a short term private key and a corresponding short term public key for each of the plurality of members; b) exchanging short term public keys of the plurality of members within the one entity; c) for each of the plurality of members: i) computing an intra-entity shared key by mathematically combining the short term public keys of each of the plurality of members; and ii) computing a respective intra-entity public key by mathematically combining its short term private key, its long term private key and the intra-entity shared key; and d) combining the intra-entity public keys of the plurality of members to derive the group short term public key.

In yet another aspect there is provided a processor for performing cryptographic operations that is configured to operate similar to that of the first entity described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompany drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a communication system; and

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the steps of a protocol to establish a common key.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 1, a schematic diagram of a communication system is shown generally by numeral 10. The system 10 includes a first entity A (12) and a second entity B (14) that exchange data over a communication channel 16. Each of the entities A and B include members A₁, A₂ . . . A_(n), and B₁, B₂ . . . B_(m), respectively. For convenience, the embodiment described has two members A₁, A₂ and B₁, B₂ although it will be appreciated that typically each entity will have several members. It is assumed the entities A and B include processors for performing cryptographic operations and the like. The members A₁, A₂ may for example be a first group of users on a local area network (LAN) that wish to communicate securely with a second group of users B₁, B₂ on a second LAN or even on the same LAN. In either case the computations may be performed for the entities A (12) and B (14) by for example a LAN server 18 or the like, provided that each member has its own secure boundary.

Each entity and its associated members A_(i), B_(i) have been initialized with the same system parameters. The system parameters for this exemplary protocol are an elliptic curve point P, which is the generating point of an elliptic curve over F₂ ^(m) of order n. Additionally, each of the members is initialized with respective long-term public and private key pairs. That is, each of the members A_(i) has long term private and public key pairs (a_(i), a_(i)P) and each of the member B_(i) have long term private and public key pairs (b_(i), b_(i)P), respectively.

Each of the entities A, B generates respective long-term public keys derived from the long-term public keys of each of its members. The long-term private key a of the entity A is then (a₁+a₂+ . . . a_(n)) and its corresponding long-term public key, aP, is (a₁+a₂+ . . . a_(n)) P. In the present example the key pair (a, aP) of entity A is (a₁+a₂); (a₁+a₂) P. Similarly, for entity B its long-term private key b is (b₁+b₂) and its corresponding long-term public key is bP(b₁+b₂)P. The entity long-term public keys aP, bP can be computed by summing the members public keys. The entity public keys are published by the respective entities, and if appropriate certified by a trusted authority or CA trusted by all of the entities.

Typically, entities A (12) and B (14) wish to agree upon a common key, which may then be used for subsequent cryptographic communications between the activities.

Referring thus to FIG. 2, a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a suitable protocol is shown generally by numeral 40. The member A₁ generates a random value x₁ (its short-term private key, also known as ephemeral or session key) and computes a corresponding value x₁P (its short-term public key); similarly, member A₂ generates a random value x₂ and computes a corresponding value x₂P. Preferably 0<a_(i)<n−1 and 0<x_(i)<n−1. Next, the members of the entity A exchange their session public keys x₁P. In the present example, A₂ and A₁ exchange their session public keys x₁P and x₂P denoted X₁ and X₂ respectively. This may be termed a first intra-entity key exchange.

Next, member A₁ computes r=x₁P+x₂P and similarly, member A₂ computes r=x₂P+X₁P. Thus, establishes an intra-entity shared key available and containing a contribution from each member of the entity.

The entity A transmits the intra-entity shared key r to the entity B with whom it wishes to establish a common key K.

Next, member A₁ computes a short term intra-entity public key s₁ using its short term private key and long term private key combined with a function f of the intra-entity public key, that is s₁=x₁+a₁ f(r)(mod n), where f is typically a hash function such as SHA-1 and n is the order of the curve. Similarly, member A₂ computes its intra-entity public key s₂=x₂+a₂ f(r)(mod n.).

The entity A computes an entity or group short term public key, which is derived from a summation of the intra-entity public key of each member s=s₁+s₂=x₁+x₂+(a₁+a₂)f(r)mod(n).

The entity B similarly computes the analogous information using its own public and private keys using the same computations performed by entity A. Thus, each member of B computes a intra-entity shared key r using the short term public keys of each of the members and r is forwarded to entity A. Next, each of the members in B compute their own intra-entity public key t_(i)=y_(i)+b_(i) f( r)mod(n) and computes the group short-term public key t=t₁+t₂.

The entity A then computes a value K which is the shared key between the entities A and B by retrieving the long term public key, bP, of entity B and computing K=s( r+(bP)f( r))=s(t)P. The entity B also retrieves the long term public key aP of entity A and computes K using t, r, and aP, i.e. K=t(r+aP·f(r))=t(s)P.

Consequently, if a member of the entity A, either A₁ or A₂, is not present in the scheme then the group short term public key, s, changes, as does the value for K. Therefore, communication with entity B would not be successful without establishing a new session. Similarly, if either B₁ or B₂ is not present in the scheme then the group short term public key, t, changes, altering the value of K. In this case, communication with A would not be successful without establishing a new session.

Accordingly, the present protocol ensures that all members of each entity must participate in the scheme and no sub-collection of either entity can impersonate its entire entity.

Although the above scheme has been described with respect to the elliptic curve systems which is an additive group, it may analogously be used in multiplicative groups. Furthermore the above protocol although exemplified with two members per entity, may be generalized where each party or entity consists of a collection of members say A={A₁, A₂ . . . A_(n)} and B={B₁, B₂, . . . B_(m)}, where m is not necessarily equal to n and at least one of m or n is at least two (that is, not both A and B consist of one individual).

Although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments, various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto. 

1. A method of one member of a first entity contributing to the generation of a group short-term public key for said first entity, said first entity having a plurality of members for participation with a second entity in a computer implemented data communication system, said first entity including one or more processors for performing cryptographic operations, said group short-term public key intended for use by said first entity in establishing a shared secret value, said one member having a long-term private key and a corresponding long-term public key, said one member using at least one of said one or more processors to perform said method comprising: generating a short-term private key and a corresponding short-term public key; forwarding said short-term public key to other of said plurality of members within said first entity; receiving a respective short-term public key from each of said other of said plurality of members of said first entity, computing an intra-entity shared key by mathematically combining said short-term public key of said one member and respective short-term public keys received from other of said members; computing an intra-entity public key by mathematically combining its short-term private key, its long-term private key and said intra-entity shared key; and making said intra-entity public key available to said other members of said first entity, whereby said first entity may combine said short-term intra-entity public keys of said plurality of members to derive said group short-term public key.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said long-term public key is derived from a generator point P and said long-term private key of said one member.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said short-term public key of said one member is obtained by said one member selecting a random integer x_(i) and multiplying said point P by said random integer to obtain a value x_(i)P to be used as a short-term public key.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said intra-entity shared key is computed by said one member summing said short-term public key of said one member and respective short-term public keys received from other of said members.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said intra-entity public key s_(i), is derived by said one member computing s_(i)=x_(i)+a_(i)f(Σx_(i)P), where a_(i) represents said long-term private key and f is a hash function.
 6. An electronic processor for performing cryptographic operations for a first member of a first entity in a data communication system, said first entity having a plurality of members for participation in said data communication system, said first member having a long-term private key and a corresponding long-term public key, said electronic processor generating a contribution to a group short-term public key for use in establishing a shared secret value with a second entity in said data communication system, said electronic processor configured for: generating a short-term private key and a corresponding short-term public key; forwarding said short-term public key to other of said members within said first entity; receiving from said other members respective short-term public keys, computing an intra-entity shared key by mathematically combining said short-term public keys of each of said plurality of members; computing an intra-entity public key by mathematically combining its short-term private key, its long-term private key and said intra-entity shared key; and making said intra-entity public key available to other of said plurality of members, whereby said first entity may derive said group short-term public key.
 7. The electronic processor according to claim 6, wherein said long-term public key is derived from a generator point P and said long-term private key.
 8. The electronic processor according to claim 7, wherein said generating comprises said first member selecting a random integer x_(i) and multiplying said point P by a to obtain x_(i)P, for use as said short-term public key.
 9. The electronic processor according to claim 6, wherein said intra-entity shared key is computed by summing said short-term public keys.
 10. The electronic processor according to claim 9, wherein said intra-entity public key s_(i), is derived by computing s_(i)=x_(i)+a_(i) f(Σx_(i)P), where a_(i), represents said long-term private key and f is a hash function.
 11. A non-transitory storage medium having instructions stored thereon for performing cryptographic operations in a cryptographic processor for a first member of a first entity to generate a contribution to a group short-term public key for use in establishing a shared secret value with a second entity in a data communication system, said first entity having a plurality of members for participation in said data communication system, said first member having a long-term private key and a corresponding long-term public key, said cryptographic operations comprising: generating a short-term private key and a corresponding short-term public key; forwarding said short-term public key of said first member to other members of said first entity; receiving from said other members respective short-term public keys, computing an intra-entity shared key by mathematically combining said short-term public keys; computing an intra-entity public key by mathematically combining said short-term private key of said first member, said long-term private key of said first member and said intra-entity shared key; and making said intra-entity public key available to other of said plurality of members whereby said first entity may derive said group short-term public key.
 12. A non-transitory storage medium according to claim 11, said long-term public key is derived from a generator point P and respective ones of said long-term private keys.
 13. A non-transitory storage medium according to claim 12, wherein said generating instruction comprises each member selecting a random integer x_(i), and multiplying said point P by a to obtain x_(i)P, said short term public key.
 14. A non-transitory storage medium according to claim 11, wherein said intra-entity shared key is computed by summing said short term public keys.
 15. A non-transitory storage medium according to claim 14, wherein said intra-entity public key s_(i), is derived by computing s_(i)=x_(i)+a_(i)f(Σx_(i)P), where a_(i)represents said long-term private key and f is a hash function.
 16. A non-transitory storage medium according to claim 15, said group short term public key being derived by computing Σs_(i). 